How the biliary tree maintains immune tolerance?

Immune cell trafficking from the brain maintains CNS immune tolerance.

In the CNS, no pathway dedicated to immune surveillance has been characterized for preventing the anti-CNS immune responses that develop in autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease. Here, we identified a pathway for immune cells to traffic from the brain that is associated with the rostral migratory stream (RMS), which is a forebrain source of newly generated neurons. Evaluation of fluorescently la...

Cytology of the Biliary Tree

The biliary tree is composed of intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts and is lined by simple columnar/cuboidal epithelium. Particularly in evaluation of extrahepatic bile ducts, cytology is commonly utilized. Herein we review common indications, methodology and microscopic features as relates to biliary tract cytologic diagnoses. Additionally, we briefly discuss newer techniques that can be used ...

Fibrinolysis and the biliary tree.

AIMS To investigate the fibrinolytic activity of normal and calculous human bile. METHODS Fibrinolytic properties of the biliary tract were studied in patients with gall bladder stones (n = 7) compared with acalculous gall bladders (n = 8). RESULTS Bile plasminogen activating activity was detected in a wide range in both groups (calculous bile median 0.35 IU/ml; range: 0.06-6.59, versus nor...

Biliary tree opacification using a trans-gallbladder approach: how to improve biliary drainage in patients with non-dilated biliary ducts

Dynamic expression of T-bet and GATA3 by regulatory T cells maintains immune tolerance

Regulatory T (Treg) cells can express the transcription factors T-bet and GATA3 but the function of this expression and whether such cells represent stable subsets is still unknown. By using multiple reporter tools, we show that the expression of T-bet and GATA3 in Treg cells is dynamically influenced by the cytokine environment. Treg cell-specific deletion of either Tbx21 or Gata3 genes singly...